HSH102: Case Study Disease Profile Assignment Help
Question
HSH102: This is a Disease Prevention and Control assignment for Deakin University of Australia which requires the student to present a comprehensive case study examination for a specific current disease concern affecting a particular population. The public health student is required to select one of the communicable or non-communicable diseases and highlight an overview of the disease’s present status, along with a synopsis of the major factors influencing the problem.
Solution
The topic chosen for writing this case study analysis is the problem of ‘Tuberculosis in India’. It is remarked that Tuberculosis is found to be a major cause of death worldwide. Additionally, India has the highest population prevalence of the disease.
Our experts have divided the solution into different sections. These include an Introduction, Epidemiology, Population as an important determinant factor, Biological determinants, Environmental determinants, Socioeconomic determinants, and a Conclusion.
Introduction
This Public Health and Health promotion solution begins by providing a brief introduction to the problem of Tuberculosis in India. Our experts have supported the arguments presented here with data from credible sources.
Tuberculosis is a disease that is caused by the bacterium known as Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. This mostly affects the lungs and is communicable in nature. The disease spreads through the cough droplets from the infected people, making it a highly infectious disease (WHO.c, 2023).
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Epidemiology
The next section outlines an epistemological description of the disease. Our experts have written this section by carefully analyzing health statistics and fundamental epidemiological data.
Based on the Global TB Report 2022 released by the World Health Organisation (WHO), it has been identified that the Tuberculosis burden on healthcare is rising across the globe. Based on the reports by WHO, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India has released the reports that there has been a drastic fall in the metrics of prevalence rate of TB in India when compared with other countries.
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Population
Through gathering trustworthy evidence from relevant sources, our experts have provided data on the population of people suffering from Tuberculosis in the current scenario. You can read a snippet of the complete section written by our experts here.
In India, it has been estimated that there has been a significant decline in the prevalence rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB patients. Previously, it was 16% which has now been reduced to 2.5%. An estimation of 130,000 cases of MDR-TB/rifampicinresistance (RR)-TB has emerged on a yearly basis, out of which 79,000 were notified cases of TB in 2015.
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Biological determinants
The following section delves into the biological determinants that impact the prevalence and influence of Tuberculosis disease in India. Our experts have demonstrated an elaborative understanding of reliable sources of medical information that have assisted in finding data.
There are various biological determinants that are leading to increased risks in containing TB, like diabetes, malnutrition and immunosuppressive conditions. Firstly, diabetes has shown an increase in the overall risks associated with TB disease. Studies have revealed that around 70% of the diabetic people belong from the low income or middle-income countries, which is further increasing the rate of TB where it is in the endemic form, which includes the country India (Narasimhan et al., 2013). India has around 8.9% of people with diabetes, and the prevalence is rising with time, which is further increasing the risks (Pradeepa & Mohan, 2021). It has been found that diabetic patients tend to have three times more risks in developing the disease than the ones without diabetes. As per biological theories, diabetes tends to impair the innate as well as adaptive immune responses, which further accelerated the proliferation rate of TB. Next, malnutrition contributes to an increased risk in terms of TV as it leads to imparting of the immune response (Narasimhan et al., 2013). The disease can itself cause malnourishment as it decreases the overall appetite and changes the entire metabolic process.
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Environmental determinants
Next, some of the environmental determinants have been discussed by our Public health experts. Keep reading to know what our experts have written in this section.
There are various environmental determinants that are leading to increased risks in containing TB, which includes indoor air pollution, malnutrition, excessive usage of alcohol and increased tobacco smoking. Indoor air pollution is mostly due to burning of solid fuels like coal, crop residue, wood, charcoal and animal dung (WHO.a, 2023). In India, there is no full access to LPG gas cylinders in various rural areas, and hence cooking is still promoted using coal or wood. In such cases, cooking in poorly ventilated areas due to lack of space or rooms in the deprived areas, can have a direct impact on the risk of TB.
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Socio-economic determinants
This section remarks on the socio-economic factors that contributes to the prevalence of Tuberculosis in the Indian population.
One of the most powerful determinants causing a rapid rise in the prevalence rate of TB in India. Poverty leads to lack of access to nutritional food. As stated earlier, malnutrition can lead to compromised immune systems which can increase the risk of TB(WHO.b, 2023). In India, the poverty rate is 16.4%, which is still high in a largely populated country like India. India being a developing country, faces lower ability to distribute fresh food across the most remote areas of the country, and hence a rise in the poverty scale (Bhargava et al., 2021). In India, overcrowding is another issue which leads to an increased spread of TB, as the nature of the disease is being communicable. There are areas of slums and poverty, where there is poor housing, poor ventilations and crowded habitation. Thus, increasing the rates of transmission among the people. Poverty can also be associated with lower education rates among the people and hence lower awareness and knowledge about the disease and its transmission mechanism. Overall poor knowledge regarding health can also increase the idea of stigma among the population which can lead to lower reporting of the diseases with increasing transmission due to inability to follow the regulations and lower treatment rates.
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Conclusion
Through compiling all the data and information revealed from the case study analysis done above, our experts have briefly summarised all the relevant findings of this Public Health and Health promotion solution in this section.
Thus, in conclusion, it can be noticed that, India is among the countries which has high prevalence of Tuberculosis, but has been working effectively with policies and strategies which reflected on the reducing statistics.
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