7307MED: Market Application Analysis Assignment Help
Question
7307MED: In this Health Economics assignment for Griffith University, the students must carefully go through and reflect on the UNICEF report published for the topic- “Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine: supply and demand update”. Based on this some questions need to be answered to complete this assessment. The assignment aims to develop the ability to comprehend and reflect on the various issues related to the understanding of a health commodity of HPV vaccine in the context of health markets.
Solution
The solution incorporates the answers to four of the questions based on the UNICEF report. Our experts have approached this assignment by conducting an in-depth interpretation of the report and have provided the answers to the questions by using material from both the report as well as analysis conducted.
Question 1: Explain what is meant by the term “burden of vaccine-preventable diseases”.
The first question in the assignment urges the student to think about the meaning the term mentioned above holds in the context of health markets. Our experts have provided a clear and detailed answer to the question by demonstrating knowledge about the theoretical principles of vaccination.
Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective public interventions that is likely to address the health economic burden associated with infectious disease across the world. The invention and development of vaccine is one of the biggest achievements in global health care where millions of lives can be saved through routine immunization. After the development of small pox vaccine by Edward Jenner, huge success in global health is being achieved in terms of saving millions of lives by the timely intervention with vaccines. As soon as WHO has introduced Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), worldwide effort has been put to use vaccine as a public health intervention. Despite the global effort to use vaccine as cost effective and safe solution for vaccine preventable disease (VPDs), it still remains a huge problem in many of the poor and sub-Saharan countries in West Africa and Asia. (Che Henry Ngwa, 2021) As far as vaccination is concerned, the benefits outweigh the costs for sure. It has been estimated tat every $1 spent on vaccination against preventable diseases can directly save the costs of health care and productivity loss thereby increase the return up to US$16 for the lower- and middle-income countries If the broader level of social and economic gain is considered, it would reach nearly three times higher (US$44). (Hanon2, 2018)
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Question 2: The UNICEF report refers to Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance. Explain some of the market impact features and actions that Gavi has had on the vaccine market.
The next question prompts the student to think about the Gavi organization and how it has impacted the condition of global vaccination.
The importance of vaccine in public health is vast with far reaching consequences. According to the estimate of WHO, vaccine can reduce human sufferings and save the lives of 2-3 million in each year. Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, is an international organization created on 2000 with the mission to bring together the private and public sector in improving the equitable and sustainable use of vaccine to share a common goal to save lives and protect public health. Gavi’s contribution to global vaccine market is phenomenal- almost half of the world’s poor children are vaccinated against the deadly and debilitating diseases with the help of Gavi. According to recent estimate, 888 million children across the poorest countries got vaccinated through Gavi that in turn has prevented 15 million future deaths. Gavi with the help of its core partners like UNICEF, WHO, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and others actively plays a crucial role in coming closer to sustainability goals of universal Health Coverage. (Gavi, 2022) The Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) has been introduced with an aim to improve the access to the existing communities and Gavi, along with many allies help to achieve this goal. Based on procurement, the countries that procure the vaccine through UNICEF are eligible to get the support of Gavi. For example, in the immunization programme of HPV, 15 countries supported by Gavi among 20 countries supplied through UNICEF and remaining five have moved from Gavi support to self-finance for their procurement. According to UNICEF report, UNICEF has procured total 30.9 million doses of HPV vaccine among which 91% has been procured for the Gavi support countries and remaining 9% has been procured for selffinancing MICs but still have the access to Gavi support prices.
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Question 3: Discuss key supply and demand issues and features contained in the UNICEF report. In your answer concentrate on the key economic and market drivers, enablers, limiters – so you are able to demonstrate your understanding of market features impact outlined by this report.
In this question, our experts have addressed the supply and demand issues by incorporating the relevant theories and concepts of the health market and the influence it has on it. You can read a snippet of the answer written by our experts below.
There is an array of factors that largely account for the growing demand for vaccines that includes global population growth, future implementation of advanced and newly licensed vaccines in the heath care system and worldwide campaign for immunization. There is a continuous quest for the innovation in both design and manufacturing of vaccine in order to meet the rising demand for vaccine. (Hanon2, 2018) The global demand for HPV vaccine has significantly increased through UNICEF since 2017. Moving forward, the demand will further increase substantially over the next ten years – expecting to reach 120 million doses per year by 2030. There is a global call from WHO to take a prompt action to end the cervical cancer, one of the most common cancers for the women. The growing interest among the women to prevent the cervical cancer through immunization is one important factor that drives the demand for HPV vaccine. The demand for HPV vaccines has also increased due to the introduction of vaccine in India and China, two largest economies in Asia as well as the adoption of gender-neutral immunization policies. As far as the overall demand through UNICEF is concerned, it has procured 30.9 million doses worth of 162.5 million.
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Question 4: The UNICEF paper refers to the Healthy Markets Framework (HMF). Discuss why the eight attributes used in the HMF are appropriate indicators of a health markets operation and performance.
The last question revolves around the elements of the Healthy Markets Framework which suitably forms an important attribute to assess the operation of health markets. Our experts ensure that relevant principles and concepts are included while answering the question.
UNICEF uses a set of eight attributes that measure the operation and performance of a health market.
1.Supply meets demand:
The dynamics of demand and supply is applicable to health care market like any other markets. If the demand outweighs the supply, the price of heath care service will rise. Any imbalance of demand and supply would adversely affect the operation of the market.
- Country preference
Country preference is also an important attribute for the Healthy Market framework for HPV vaccine. There are 20 countries that are supplied the vaccine through UNICE among which fifteen are supported by Gavi and remaining five have transformed from Gavi support to self-financing.
- Buffer capacity
Currently there is no buffer capacity in HPV vaccine market. Since the vaccine market is experiencing with insufficient supply, capacity expansion is urgently needed.
4.Total systems effectiveness
TSE is an important attribute in the sense that it evaluates vaccines from a system perspective just to compare the innovative products in various settings.
- Individual supplier risk
Individual supplier risk is a huge challenge for health care market. Single supplier sourcing could increase the vulnerability of supply.
- Long term competition
Currently degree of competition is very low as there are only two manufacturers producing HPV vaccine. Several other manufacturers are producing but they are at the different phase of the development cycles.
- Product innovation
HPV is considered as the milestone in the cancer research studies as it provides a great promise for the prevention of cancer especially cervical cancer.
- National regulatory authority risk
The role of national regulatory authorities is crucial in health care market. NRA plays a pivotal role while stepping up for vaccine manufacturing or giving market access for any lifesaving drugs.
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